Refine the connection close

README.md

@@ -238,14 +238,17 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
   // ...
 
   try {
-    webcc::Server server(8080, 2);
+    webcc::Server server(8080);
 
-    server.Route("/books", std::make_shared<BookListView>(), { "GET", "POST" });
+    server.Route("/books",
+                 std::make_shared<BookListView>(),
+                 { "GET", "POST" });
 
-    server.Route(webcc::R("/books/(\\d+)"), std::make_shared<BookDetailView>(),
+    server.Route(webcc::R("/books/(\\d+)"),
+                 std::make_shared<BookDetailView>(),
                  { "GET", "PUT", "DELETE" });
 
-    server.Run();
+    server.Start();
 
   } catch (const std::exception& e) {
     std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;

examples/client_basics.cc

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include <cassert>
 #include <iostream>
 
 #include "webcc/client_session.h"
@@ -11,8 +12,6 @@ int main() {
   webcc::ResponsePtr r;
 
   try {
-    r = session.Head("http://httpbin.org/get");
-
     r = session.Request(webcc::RequestBuilder{}.
                         Get("http://httpbin.org/get").
                         Query("key1", "value1").
@@ -21,20 +20,32 @@ int main() {
                         Header("Accept", "application/json")
                         ());
 
+    assert(r->status() == webcc::Status::kOK);
+    assert(!r->data().empty());
+
     r = session.Get("http://httpbin.org/get",
                     { "key1", "value1", "key2", "value2" },
                     { "Accept", "application/json" });
 
+    assert(r->status() == webcc::Status::kOK);
+    assert(!r->data().empty());
+
     r = session.Request(webcc::RequestBuilder{}.
                         Post("http://httpbin.org/post").
                         Body("{'name'='Adam', 'age'=20}").
                         Json().Utf8()
                         ());
 
+    assert(r->status() == webcc::Status::kOK);
+    assert(!r->data().empty());
+
 #if WEBCC_ENABLE_SSL
 
     r = session.Get("https://httpbin.org/get");
 
+    assert(r->status() == webcc::Status::kOK);
+    assert(!r->data().empty());
+
 #endif  // WEBCC_ENABLE_SSL
 
   } catch (const webcc::Error& error) {

examples/file_upload_server.cc

@@ -48,14 +48,12 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
 
   std::uint16_t port = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(std::atoi(argv[1]));
 
-  std::size_t workers = 2;
-
   try {
-    webcc::Server server(port, workers);
+    webcc::Server server(port);
 
     server.Route("/upload", std::make_shared<FileUploadView>(), { "POST" });
 
-    server.Run();
+    server.Start();
 
   } catch (const std::exception& e) {
     std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;

examples/hello_world_server.cc

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "webcc/logger.h"
 #include "webcc/response_builder.h"
 #include "webcc/server.h"
 
@@ -13,12 +14,14 @@ public:
 };
 
 int main() {
+  WEBCC_LOG_INIT("", webcc::LOG_CONSOLE);
+
   try {
     webcc::Server server(8080);
 
     server.Route("/", std::make_shared<HelloView>());
 
-    server.Run();
+    server.Start();
 
   } catch (const std::exception&) {
     return 1;

examples/rest_book_client.cc

@@ -273,5 +273,8 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     PrintBookList(books);
   }
 
+  std::cout << "Press any key to exit: ";
+  std::getchar();
+
   return 0;
 }

examples/rest_book_server.cc

@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
   std::size_t workers = 2;
 
   try {
-    webcc::Server server(port, workers);
+    webcc::Server server(port);
 
     server.Route("/books",
                  std::make_shared<BookListView>(sleep_seconds),
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
                  std::make_shared<BookDetailView>(sleep_seconds),
                  { "GET", "PUT", "DELETE" });
 
-    server.Run();
+    server.Start(workers);
 
   } catch (const std::exception& e) {
     std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;

examples/static_server.cc

@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
   std::string doc_root = argv[2];
 
   try {
-    webcc::Server server(port, 1, doc_root);
+    webcc::Server server(port, doc_root);
 
-    server.Run();
+    server.Start();
 
   } catch (const std::exception& e) {
     std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;

webcc/body.h

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ namespace webcc {
 
 class Body {
 public:
+  Body() = default;
   virtual ~Body() = default;
 
   // Get the size in bytes of the body.

webcc/client.cc

@@ -21,12 +21,15 @@ Error Client::Request(RequestPtr request, bool connect) {
   // Response to HEAD could also have Content-Length.
   // Set this flag to skip the reading and parsing of the body.
   // The test against HttpBin.org shows that:
-  //   - If request.Accept-Encoding is "gzip, deflate", the response doesn't
+  //   - If request.Accept-Encoding is "gzip, deflate", the response won't
   //     have Content-Length;
-  //   - If request.Accept-Encoding is "identity", the response do have
+  //   - If request.Accept-Encoding is "identity", the response will have
   //     Content-Length.
   if (request->method() == methods::kHead) {
     response_parser_.set_ignroe_body(true);
+  } else {
+    // Reset in case the connection is persistent.
+    response_parser_.set_ignroe_body(false);
   }
 
   if (connect) {
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ Error Client::Request(RequestPtr request, bool connect) {
     }
   }
 
-  WriteReqeust(request);
+  WriteRequest(request);
 
   if (error_) {
     return error_;
@@ -58,12 +61,7 @@ void Client::Close() {
 
   LOG_INFO("Close socket...");
 
-  boost::system::error_code ec;
+  socket_->Close();
-  socket_->Close(&ec);
-
-  if (ec) {
-    LOG_ERRO("Socket close error (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
-  }
 }
 
 void Client::Restart() {
@@ -112,23 +110,23 @@ void Client::DoConnect(RequestPtr request, const std::string& default_port) {
     LOG_ERRO("Host resolve error (%s): %s, %s.", ec.message().c_str(),
              request->host().c_str(), port.c_str());
     error_.Set(Error::kResolveError, "Host resolve error");
+    return;
   }
 
   LOG_VERB("Connect to server...");
 
   // Use sync API directly since we don't need timeout control.
 
-  if (!socket_->Connect(request->host(), endpoints, &ec)) {
+  if (!socket_->Connect(request->host(), endpoints)) {
-    LOG_ERRO("Socket connect error (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
-    Close();
-    // TODO: Handshake error
     error_.Set(Error::kConnectError, "Endpoint connect error");
+    Close();
+    return;
   }
 
   LOG_VERB("Socket connected.");
 }
 
-void Client::WriteReqeust(RequestPtr request) {
+void Client::WriteRequest(RequestPtr request) {
   LOG_VERB("HTTP request:\n%s", request->Dump().c_str());
 
   // NOTE:

webcc/client.h

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ private:
 
   void DoConnect(RequestPtr request, const std::string& default_port);
 
-  void WriteReqeust(RequestPtr request);
+  void WriteRequest(RequestPtr request);
 
   void ReadResponse();
 

webcc/common.cc

@@ -11,22 +11,34 @@ namespace webcc {
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-void Headers::Set(const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
+bool Headers::Set(const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
+  if (value.empty()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   auto it = Find(key);
   if (it != headers_.end()) {
     it->second = value;
   } else {
     headers_.push_back({ key, value });
   }
+
+  return true;
 }
 
-void Headers::Set(std::string&& key, std::string&& value) {
+bool Headers::Set(std::string&& key, std::string&& value) {
+  if (value.empty()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   auto it = Find(key);
   if (it != headers_.end()) {
     it->second = std::move(value);
   } else {
     headers_.push_back({ std::move(key), std::move(value) });
   }
+
+  return true;
 }
 
 bool Headers::Has(const std::string& key) const {

webcc/common.h

@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ public:
     return headers_;
   }
 
-  void Set(const std::string& key, const std::string& value);
+  bool Set(const std::string& key, const std::string& value);
 
-  void Set(std::string&& key, std::string&& value);
+  bool Set(std::string&& key, std::string&& value);
 
   bool Has(const std::string& key) const;
 

webcc/connection.cc

@@ -27,21 +27,35 @@ void Connection::Start() {
 }
 
 void Connection::Close() {
-  LOG_INFO("Close socket...");
+  LOG_INFO("Shutdown socket...");
 
+  // Initiate graceful connection closure.
+  // Socket close VS. shutdown:
+  //   https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4160347/close-vs-shutdown-socket
   boost::system::error_code ec;
+  socket_.shutdown(tcp::socket::shutdown_both, ec);
+
+  if (ec) {
+    LOG_WARN("Socket shutdown error (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
+    ec.clear();
+    // Don't return, try to close the socket anywhere.
+  }
+
+  LOG_INFO("Close socket...");
+
   socket_.close(ec);
+
   if (ec) {
     LOG_ERRO("Socket close error (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
   }
 }
 
-void Connection::SendResponse(ResponsePtr response) {
+void Connection::SendResponse(ResponsePtr response, bool no_keep_alive) {
   assert(response);
 
   response_ = response;
 
-  if (request_->IsConnectionKeepAlive()) {
+  if (!no_keep_alive && request_->IsConnectionKeepAlive()) {
     response_->SetHeader(headers::kConnection, "Keep-Alive");
   } else {
     response_->SetHeader(headers::kConnection, "Close");
@@ -52,7 +66,7 @@ void Connection::SendResponse(ResponsePtr response) {
   DoWrite();
 }
 
-void Connection::SendResponse(Status status) {
+void Connection::SendResponse(Status status, bool no_keep_alive) {
   auto response = std::make_shared<Response>(status);
 
   // According to the testing based on HTTPie (and Chrome), the `Content-Length`
@@ -60,7 +74,7 @@ void Connection::SendResponse(Status status) {
   // is empty.
   response->SetBody(std::make_shared<Body>(), true);
 
-  SendResponse(response);
+  SendResponse(response, no_keep_alive);
 }
 
 void Connection::DoRead() {
@@ -72,29 +86,31 @@ void Connection::DoRead() {
 
 void Connection::OnRead(boost::system::error_code ec, std::size_t length) {
   if (ec) {
-    // TODO
     if (ec == boost::asio::error::eof) {
-      LOG_WARN("Socket read EOF.");
+      LOG_WARN("Socket read EOF (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
-    //} else if (ec == boost::asio::error::operation_aborted) {
+    } else if (ec == boost::asio::error::operation_aborted) {
-    //  LOG_WARN("Socket read aborted.");
+      // The socket of this connection has been closed.
-    //} else if (ec == boost::asio::error::connection_aborted) {
+      // This happens, e.g., when the server was stopped by a signal (Ctrl-C).
-    //  LOG_WARN("Socket connection aborted.");
+      LOG_WARN("Socket operation aborted (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
     } else {
       LOG_ERRO("Socket read error (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
     }
 
+    // Don't try to send any response back.
+
     if (ec != boost::asio::error::operation_aborted) {
       pool_->Close(shared_from_this());
-    }
+    }  // else: The socket of this connection has already been closed.
 
     return;
   }
 
   if (!request_parser_.Parse(buffer_.data(), length)) {
-    // Bad request.
-    // TODO: Always close the connection?
     LOG_ERRO("Failed to parse HTTP request.");
-    SendResponse(Status::kBadRequest);
+    // Send Bad Request (400) to the client and no Keep-Alive.
+    SendResponse(Status::kBadRequest, true);
+    // Close the socket connection.
+    pool_->Close(shared_from_this());
     return;
   }
 
@@ -163,7 +179,6 @@ void Connection::OnWriteOK() {
     LOG_INFO("Continue to read the next request...");
     Start();
   } else {
-    Shutdown();
     pool_->Close(shared_from_this());
   }
 }
@@ -176,18 +191,4 @@ void Connection::OnWriteError(boost::system::error_code ec) {
   }
 }
 
-// Socket close VS. shutdown:
-//   https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4160347/close-vs-shutdown-socket
-void Connection::Shutdown() {
-  LOG_INFO("Shutdown socket...");
-
-  // Initiate graceful connection closure.
-  boost::system::error_code ec;
-  socket_.shutdown(tcp::socket::shutdown_both, ec);
-
-  if (ec) {
-    LOG_ERRO("Socket shutdown error (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
-  }
-}
-
 }  // namespace webcc

webcc/connection.h

@@ -38,10 +38,14 @@ public:
   void Close();
 
   // Send a response to the client.
-  void SendResponse(ResponsePtr response);
+  // `Connection` header will be set to "Close" if |no_keep_alive| is true no
+  // matter whether the client asked for Keep-Alive or not.
+  void SendResponse(ResponsePtr response, bool no_keep_alive = false);
 
   // Send a response with the given status and an empty body to the client.
-  void SendResponse(Status status);
+  // `Connection` header will be set to "Close" if |no_keep_alive| is true no
+  // matter whether the client asked for Keep-Alive or not.
+  void SendResponse(Status status, bool no_keep_alive = false);
 
 private:
   void DoRead();
@@ -54,9 +58,6 @@ private:
   void OnWriteOK();
   void OnWriteError(boost::system::error_code ec);
 
-  // Shutdown the socket.
-  void Shutdown();
-
   // The socket for the connection.
   boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket socket_;
 

webcc/connection_pool.cc

@@ -17,11 +17,13 @@ void ConnectionPool::Close(ConnectionPtr c) {
 }
 
 void ConnectionPool::CloseAll() {
-  LOG_VERB("Closing all (%u) connections...", connections_.size());
+  if (!connections_.empty()) {
-  for (auto& c : connections_) {
+    LOG_VERB("Closing all (%u) connections...", connections_.size());
-    c->Close();
+    for (auto& c : connections_) {
+      c->Close();
+    }
+    connections_.clear();
   }
-  connections_.clear();
 }
 
 }  // namespace webcc

webcc/connection_pool.h

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ public:
   // Close a connection.
   void Close(ConnectionPtr c);
 
-  // Close all connections.
+  // Close all pending connections.
   void CloseAll();
 
 private:

webcc/globals.h

@@ -186,7 +186,6 @@ class Error {
     kSyntaxError,
     kResolveError,
     kConnectError,
-    kHandshakeError,
     kSocketReadError,
     kSocketWriteError,
     kParseError,

webcc/message.cc

@@ -85,10 +85,12 @@ void Message::SetContentType(const std::string& media_type,
                              const std::string& charset) {
   using headers::kContentType;
 
-  if (charset.empty()) {
+  if (!media_type.empty()) {
-    SetHeader(kContentType, media_type);
+    if (charset.empty()) {
-  } else {
+      SetHeader(kContentType, media_type);
-    SetHeader(kContentType, media_type + "; charset=" + charset);
+    } else {
+      SetHeader(kContentType, media_type + "; charset=" + charset);
+    }
   }
 }
 

webcc/request_builder.h

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ public:
   RequestBuilder& Auth(const std::string& type, const std::string& credentials);
 
   RequestBuilder& AuthBasic(const std::string& login,
-                             const std::string& password);
+                            const std::string& password);
 
   RequestBuilder& AuthToken(const std::string& token);
 

webcc/response_builder.cc

@@ -32,10 +32,14 @@ ResponsePtr ResponseBuilder::operator()() {
       }
     }
 #endif  // WEBCC_ENABLE_GZIP
-
+  } else {
-    response->SetBody(body_, true);
+    // Ensure the existing of `Content-Length` header if the body is empty.
+    // `Content-Length: 0` is required by most HTTP clients (e.g., Chrome).
+    body_ = std::make_shared<webcc::Body>();
   }
 
+  response->SetBody(body_, true);
+
   return response;
 }
 

webcc/server.cc

@@ -20,9 +20,8 @@ using tcp = boost::asio::ip::tcp;
 
 namespace webcc {
 
-Server::Server(std::uint16_t port, std::size_t workers, const Path& doc_root)
+Server::Server(std::uint16_t port, const Path& doc_root)
-    : acceptor_(io_context_), signals_(io_context_), workers_(workers),
+    : acceptor_(io_context_), signals_(io_context_), doc_root_(doc_root) {
-      doc_root_(doc_root) {
   RegisterSignals();
 
   boost::system::error_code ec;
@@ -89,7 +88,10 @@ bool Server::Route(const UrlRegex& regex_url, ViewPtr view,
   return true;
 }
 
-void Server::Run() {
+void Server::Start(std::size_t workers) {
+  assert(workers > 0);
+  assert(worker_threads_.empty());
+
   if (!acceptor_.is_open()) {
     LOG_ERRO("Server is NOT going to run.");
     return;
@@ -101,13 +103,12 @@ void Server::Run() {
 
   DoAccept();
 
-  // Start worker threads.
+  // Create worker threads.
-  assert(workers_ > 0 && worker_threads_.empty());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < workers; ++i) {
-
-  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < workers_; ++i) {
     worker_threads_.emplace_back(std::bind(&Server::WorkerRoutine, this));
   }
 
+  // Run the loop.
   // The io_context::run() call will block until all asynchronous operations
   // have finished. While the server is running, there is always at least one
   // asynchronous operation outstanding: the asynchronous accept call waiting
@@ -116,23 +117,14 @@ void Server::Run() {
 }
 
 void Server::Stop() {
-  LOG_INFO("Stopping workers...");
+  // Stop listener.
-
+  acceptor_.close();
-  // Clear pending connections.
-  // The connections will be closed later (see Server::DoAwaitStop).
-  LOG_INFO("Clear pending connections...");
-  queue_.Clear();
 
-  // Enqueue a null connection to trigger the first worker to stop.
+  // Stop worker threads.
-  queue_.Push(ConnectionPtr());
+  StopWorkers();
-
-  for (auto& thread : worker_threads_) {
-    if (thread.joinable()) {
-      thread.join();
-    }
-  }
 
-  LOG_INFO("All workers have been stopped.");
+  // Close all pending connections.
+  pool_.CloseAll();
 }
 
 void Server::Enqueue(ConnectionPtr connection) {
@@ -178,13 +170,7 @@ void Server::DoAwaitStop() {
         // call will exit.
         LOG_INFO("On signal %d, stopping the server...", signo);
 
-        acceptor_.close();
-
-        // Stop worker threads.
         Stop();
-
-        // Close all connections.
-        pool_.CloseAll();
       });
 }
 
@@ -208,6 +194,26 @@ void Server::WorkerRoutine() {
   }
 }
 
+void Server::StopWorkers() {
+  LOG_INFO("Stopping workers...");
+
+  // Clear pending connections.
+  // The connections will be closed later (see Server::DoAwaitStop).
+  LOG_INFO("Clear pending connections...");
+  queue_.Clear();
+
+  // Enqueue a null connection to trigger the first worker to stop.
+  queue_.Push(ConnectionPtr());
+
+  for (auto& t : worker_threads_) {
+    if (t.joinable()) {
+      t.join();
+    }
+  }
+
+  LOG_INFO("All workers have been stopped.");
+}
+
 void Server::Handle(ConnectionPtr connection) {
   auto request = connection->request();
 

webcc/server.h

@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ namespace webcc {
 
 class Server {
 public:
-  explicit Server(std::uint16_t port, std::size_t workers = 1,
+  explicit Server(std::uint16_t port, const Path& doc_root = {});
-                  const Path& doc_root = {});
 
   virtual ~Server() = default;
 
@@ -38,10 +37,10 @@ public:
   bool Route(const UrlRegex& regex_url, ViewPtr view,
              const Strings& methods = { "GET" });
 
-  // Run the loop.
+  // Start the server with a given number of worker threads.
-  void Run();
+  void Start(std::size_t workers = 1);
 
-  // Clear pending connections from the queue and stop worker threads.
+  // Stop the server.
   void Stop();
 
   // Put the connection into the queue.
@@ -57,8 +56,12 @@ private:
   // Wait for a request to stop the server.
   void DoAwaitStop();
 
+  // Worker thread routine.
   void WorkerRoutine();
 
+  // Clear pending connections from the queue and stop worker threads.
+  void StopWorkers();
+
   // Handle a connection (or more precisely, the request inside it).
   // Get the request from the connection, process it, prepare the response,
   // then send the response back to the client.
@@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ private:
   // The signals for processing termination notifications.
   boost::asio::signal_set signals_;
 
-  // The number of worker threads.
-  std::size_t workers_;
-
   // Worker threads.
   std::vector<std::thread> worker_threads_;
 
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ private:
   // The queue with connection waiting for the workers to process.
   Queue<ConnectionPtr> queue_;
 
+  // Route table.
   std::vector<RouteInfo> routes_;
 };
 

webcc/socket.cc

@@ -26,13 +26,18 @@ namespace webcc {
 Socket::Socket(boost::asio::io_context& io_context) : socket_(io_context) {
 }
 
-bool Socket::Connect(const std::string& host, const Endpoints& endpoints,
+bool Socket::Connect(const std::string& host, const Endpoints& endpoints) {
-                     boost::system::error_code* ec) {
   boost::ignore_unused(host);
 
-  boost::asio::connect(socket_, endpoints, *ec);
+  boost::system::error_code ec;
+  boost::asio::connect(socket_, endpoints, ec);
 
-  return !(*ec);
+  if (ec) {
+    LOG_ERRO("Socket connect error (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
 }
 
 bool Socket::Write(const Payload& payload, boost::system::error_code* ec) {
@@ -44,8 +49,25 @@ void Socket::AsyncReadSome(ReadHandler&& handler, std::vector<char>* buffer) {
   socket_.async_read_some(boost::asio::buffer(*buffer), std::move(handler));
 }
 
-void Socket::Close(boost::system::error_code* ec) {
+bool Socket::Close() {
-  socket_.close(*ec);
+  boost::system::error_code ec;
+
+  socket_.shutdown(boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket::shutdown_both, ec);
+
+  if (ec) {
+    LOG_WARN("Socket shutdown error (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
+    ec.clear();
+    // Don't return, try to close the socket anywhere.
+  }
+
+  socket_.close(ec);
+
+  if (ec) {
+    LOG_WARN("Socket close error (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
 }
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -104,15 +126,16 @@ SslSocket::SslSocket(boost::asio::io_context& io_context, bool ssl_verify)
 #endif  // defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
 }
 
-bool SslSocket::Connect(const std::string& host, const Endpoints& endpoints,
+bool SslSocket::Connect(const std::string& host, const Endpoints& endpoints) {
-                        boost::system::error_code* ec) {
+  boost::system::error_code ec;
-  boost::asio::connect(ssl_socket_.lowest_layer(), endpoints, *ec);
+  boost::asio::connect(ssl_socket_.lowest_layer(), endpoints, ec);
 
-  if (*ec) {
+  if (ec) {
+    LOG_ERRO("Socket connect error (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
     return false;
   }
 
-  return Handshake(host, ec);
+  return Handshake(host);
 }
 
 bool SslSocket::Write(const Payload& payload, boost::system::error_code* ec) {
@@ -125,12 +148,13 @@ void SslSocket::AsyncReadSome(ReadHandler&& handler,
   ssl_socket_.async_read_some(boost::asio::buffer(*buffer), std::move(handler));
 }
 
-void SslSocket::Close(boost::system::error_code* ec) {
+bool SslSocket::Close() {
-  ssl_socket_.lowest_layer().close(*ec);
+  boost::system::error_code ec;
+  ssl_socket_.lowest_layer().close(ec);
+  return !ec;
 }
 
-bool SslSocket::Handshake(const std::string& host,
+bool SslSocket::Handshake(const std::string& host) {
-                          boost::system::error_code* ec) {
   if (ssl_verify_) {
     ssl_socket_.set_verify_mode(ssl::verify_peer);
   } else {
@@ -140,10 +164,11 @@ bool SslSocket::Handshake(const std::string& host,
   ssl_socket_.set_verify_callback(ssl::rfc2818_verification(host));
 
   // Use sync API directly since we don't need timeout control.
-  ssl_socket_.handshake(ssl::stream_base::client, *ec);
+  boost::system::error_code ec;
+  ssl_socket_.handshake(ssl::stream_base::client, ec);
 
-  if (*ec) {
+  if (ec) {
-    LOG_ERRO("Handshake error (%s).", ec->message().c_str());
+    LOG_ERRO("Handshake error (%s).", ec.message().c_str());
     return false;
   }
 

webcc/socket.h

@@ -26,15 +26,14 @@ public:
       std::function<void(boost::system::error_code, std::size_t)>;
 
   // TODO: Remove |host|
-  virtual bool Connect(const std::string& host, const Endpoints& endpoints,
+  virtual bool Connect(const std::string& host, const Endpoints& endpoints) = 0;
-                       boost::system::error_code* ec) = 0;
 
   virtual bool Write(const Payload& payload, boost::system::error_code* ec) = 0;
 
   virtual void AsyncReadSome(ReadHandler&& handler,
                              std::vector<char>* buffer) = 0;
 
-  virtual void Close(boost::system::error_code* ec) = 0;
+  virtual bool Close() = 0;
 };
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -43,14 +42,13 @@ class Socket : public SocketBase {
 public:
   explicit Socket(boost::asio::io_context& io_context);
 
-  bool Connect(const std::string& host, const Endpoints& endpoints,
+  bool Connect(const std::string& host, const Endpoints& endpoints) override;
-               boost::system::error_code* ec) override;
 
   bool Write(const Payload& payload, boost::system::error_code* ec) override;
 
   void AsyncReadSome(ReadHandler&& handler, std::vector<char>* buffer) override;
 
-  void Close(boost::system::error_code* ec) override;
+  bool Close() override;
 
 private:
   boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket socket_;
@@ -65,17 +63,16 @@ public:
   explicit SslSocket(boost::asio::io_context& io_context,
                      bool ssl_verify = true);
 
-  bool Connect(const std::string& host, const Endpoints& endpoints,
+  bool Connect(const std::string& host, const Endpoints& endpoints) override;
-               boost::system::error_code* ec) override;
 
   bool Write(const Payload& payload, boost::system::error_code* ec) override;
 
   void AsyncReadSome(ReadHandler&& handler, std::vector<char>* buffer) override;
 
-  void Close(boost::system::error_code* ec) override;
+  bool Close() override;
 
 private:
-  bool Handshake(const std::string& host, boost::system::error_code* ec);
+  bool Handshake(const std::string& host);
 
   boost::asio::ssl::context ssl_context_;